落伍文学

SEQUENCE OF TENSES（第1页）

SEQUEENSES

&woverbsdepehertheirtehaveadefioeachother。"Ishallhavemuchpleasureiingyourkindinvitation&qu，unlessyoureallymeanthatjusthoughby-and-byyouioaccept?orunlessyoumeanthatyoudoaow，thoughyouhavenopleasureindoingso，butlookforwardtobemorepleasedby-and-by。Infactthesequehepoundtensespuzzleexperiehebestplanistogobathoughttothetimeiioenseyouwouldthennaturallyuse。e;Ishouldhavelikedtohavegohecircus"thewaytofindoutthepropersequeoaskyourselfthequestion—whatisitI"shouldhaveliked"todo?andtheplainansweris"togotoseethecircus。"Iswer—"Tohavegohecircus"forthatwouldimplythatataentIwouldhavelikedtobeiionofhavihecircus。ButIdohis?ImeanthatatthemomentateakingIwishIhadgohecircus。TheverbalphraseIshouldhavelikedcarriesmebaewhentherewasaceofseeingthedothetime，thegoingtothecircusisathi。Thiswholeexplaselfintothesimplequestion，—whatshouldIhavelikedatthattime，andthea;togotoseethecircus，"thereforethisisthepropersequeheexpressionshouldbe"Ishouldhavelikedtogotoseethecircus。"

&ospeakofstoatimepriortothatihepastteusetheperfeseoftheinfinitive?as，"Heappearedtohaveseeerdays。"Weshouldsay"Iexpe，"not"Iexpeethim。""Weiovisityou，"not"tohavevisitedyou。""Ihopedtheywouldarrive，"not"Ihopedtheywouldhavearrived。""IthoughtIshouldcatchthebird，"not"IthoughtIshouldhavecaughtthebird。""Ihadiothemeeting，"not"Ihadiohavegoing。"

&>

&ioeerged。Betweeotwoobjeowo。"Themoneywasequallydividedbetwee;isrightwhenthereareonlytwo，butiftherearemorethantwoitshouldbe"themoneywasequallydividedamo;

LESS—FEWER

Lessrefersisquao;Nomaues"shouldbe"Nomaues。""Thefarmerhadsomeoatsayofwheat"shouldbe"thefarmerhadsomeoatsaityofwheat。"

FURTHER—FARTHER

Furtherisoodey，farthertodea;Ihavewalkedfartherthanyou，""Ihersupply"arecorrect。

&HER—OHER

&herreferstotwo，oomorethantwo。"JonesandSmithquarreled?theystruckeachother"iscorrect。"JohandBrowheystruother"isalsocorre'tsay，"Thetwoboysteaother"nor&quirlsloveeachother。"

EACH，EVERY，EITHER，HER

Thesewordsareuallymisapplied。Eabeappliedthernumberofobjectstosignifyeveryohenumberily。Everyrequiresmorethantwotobespokenofahepersstakeherdeheotheroftwo，andshouldoih。heher，denotiher，andnotthetotwopersssideredseparately。

Thefollolesillustratetheceofthesewords:

Eaofthecrewreceivedare>

Everymadisplayedbravery。

Wewalkohersideofthestreet。

&herofthetwoistoblame。

&HER-NOR

&wosingularsubjectsareeeither，noruseasingularverb?as，herJohhere，"here。

NONE

hassaheuseofthiswordbothwithasingularandplural?as—"Noneissoblindashewhowill;and"Nonearesoblindastheywhowill;However，asitisatraooisbettertousethesingularverb。

RISE-RAISE

Theseverbsareveryoftended。Riseistomoveorpassupwardinao"risefrombed?"toinvalue，toimproveinpositionorrank，as"stocksrise?""politisrise?""theyhaverisentohonor。"

&oliftup，toexalt，toenhance，as"Iraisethetable?""Heraisedhisservant?""Thebakerraisedthepriceofbread。"

LAY-LIE

&iveverblay，andlay，thepastteerverblie，areoftended，thoughquitediffereheolie，meaningtoliedow，ottaketheobjectiveafteritexceptosition。Wesay"Heliesontheground，"butweotsay"Heliestheground，"siheverbisransitiveand，assuothaveadirectobject。Withlayitisdifferent。Layisatrahereforeittakesadirectobjectafterit?as"Ilayawager，""Ilaidthecarpet，"etc。

Ofacarpetoranyiweshouldsay，"Itliesonthefloor，""Akhetable，"notlays。Butofapersonwesay—"Helaysthekable，"not"Helies——。"Laybeieolie（down）weshouldsay，"Helayo;aspastparticiplewemustalsosay"Hehaslaino;

Wesay"Ilaymyselfdown。""Helaidhimselfdown"andsuchexpressions。

Itisimperativettheseverbsthattolaymeanstodosomething，aobei。

SAYSI—ISAID

"SaysI"isavulgarism?don'tuseit。"Isaid"is。

IN—INTO

Becarefultodistinguishthemeaniwolittleprepositionsanddon'tihem。Don'tsay"Hewentintheroom"nor"Mybrotherisintothenavy。"Iheplaceers，whetheratrestorinmotio?ara;Hewentintotheroom?""Mybrotherisinthenavy"arecorrect。

&E

Don'tdthetrese。"Ieatthebread"meansthatIamgtheeating?"Iatethebread"meansthattheactofeatingispast。Eateparticiple，butofteisusedinstead，andasithasthesamepronun（et）ofate，careshouldbetakentodistieheperfectIhaveeate）。